Evaluation of the CYSA/TANF Program in California

Abstract California welfare to work Act, which was enacted in 1997, led to the creation of CYSA (comprehensive youth service act). CYSA was meant to provide â€Å"country’s probation departments (CPDs) with federal temporary assistance to the needy families’ (TANF) funds to be used to help in attaining overarching federal TANF goals by providing services to youths and their families† (Turner, Davis, Steinberg Fain, 2003, p. xi).Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Evaluation of the CYSA/TANF Program in California specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, CYSA/TANF program was a statutory program for increasing social welfare for its beneficiaries. This goal is explicitly expressed in the statement of goals of the program. Turner, Davis, Steinberg, and Fain (2003) confirm that the main goal of the program was to â€Å"provide a continuum of family-focused and case-specific services in a community-based setting that address the full spectrum of child and family needs, including the services provided in county-operated residential care facilities† (p. xi). The paper presents the projects, which were implemented through the program. It also highlights the services that were provided to the target social groups, the effects of the program from a system approach and individual gains, and the experiences of various counties with the implementation of the program. The aim is to evaluate the programs’ extent of achievement of its noble goals and objectives. Background to CYSA/TANF Program CYSA/TANF program was the creation of the CalWORKs (California Work Opportunity and Responsibility to Kids). The program was enacted in the financial years 1997/1998 (Worrall, 2004). The chief purpose of the program was to offer services to juveniles who were placed on probation. This goal was to be achieved through putting in place measures that would ensure that youths were prevented from involving themselves in repeated crimes. It also put in strategies that would see youths who were placed on probation stop over relying on public aids besides creating avenues for the provision of help to the needy families through the federal temporary assistance program. The aim of providing aid to the needy families was to ensure that the needy parents rely less on the benefits given by the government (Worrall, 2004). This object was to be realized via putting in place mechanisms of ensuring that such parents were prepared to engage in the work environment.Advertising Looking for critical writing on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The program also endeavored to ensure that incidences of single parent families occurred in lesser magnitudes together with reduction of incidences of children siring while not engaged in marriage (Turner, Davis, Steinberg Fain, 2003). The implementatio n process of the program was not fundamentally required by the state of California law to undergo an intensive evaluation process just as it happens normally for programs that are established to deliver public goods. However, the state of California’s probation officer found it vital to conduct an analysis of the process of implementation of the program together with an evaluation of its outcomes (Calderwood, Kitzes Ivanoff, 2012). After considering and ensuring that the approaches of the bidding process followed the procuring and bidding procedures established within California, the contract to conduct analysis of the program was accorded to an organization referred to as RAND. This organization was mandated to provide feedback on the implementation of the program within fixed time lines besides providing an assessment report on how the funding for the program was utilized by various probation departments in all the benefiting counties. It also provided a thorough assessmen t of the manner in which local interventions influenced the program. RAND was also to provide recommendations on the plausible mechanisms through which the program would be improved in the future in terms of operation and program design. In this paper, the analysis and summary of the program is conducted in the context of the findings of RAND as discussed in its evaluation report referred to as Evaluation of the CYSA/TANF program in California: final report. Projects implemented through the CYSA/TANF Program Countries used CYSA/TANF program to allocate money to people in custody places. These places include jail halls for children and camps. The countries also used the program to arrange the CYSA/TANF money allocated to different programs in many groups ranging from taking preventive measures to ensuring that work is done properly in accordance with the legal rights of keeping and maintaining children.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Evaluation of t he CYSA/TANF Program in California specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This effort is done to give a set of things on a scale that concentrates on family by focusing on specific issues of the community besides dealing with a range of particular things to do with children and family requirements and services offered to people residing in countries that have access to health care facilities (Worrall, 2004). Earlier, CYSA/TANF aided counties to put up key programs, which concentrated on youth related issues. In subsequent programs, countries usually arranged their CYSA/TANF funds that were allocated across most of the targeted population by involving the behaviors of pupils who skip from school without permission, youths living in specific areas, and people who are related to them (Turner, Davis, Steinberg Fain, 2003). Information from programs within the 11 counties that took part in the detail action study highlighted the various ways th at CPDS were used to ensure that CYSA/TANF goals were achieved. For instance, programs varied from establishing prevention networks to offering services such as counseling, regular checking, medical attention services, and a variety of life lessons, skills, and gradual growth services given to youths in prisons. Other counties decided to use CYSA/TANF money to fund programs in a set of scales. For instance, programs operating at the level of at-risk youths and their relatives offered services to a great multitude of customers in 2002.These programs helped about 6400 at-risk youths together with people who had relations with them (Turner, Davis, Steinberg Fain, 2003). About 8500 youths in jail institutions were also served by the CYSA/TANF. Through CYSA/TANF, developments in the whole country were recognized. For example, different approaches were deployed for dealing with youth requirements and relations to work in a more collaborative way within county agencies. To accomplish CYSA /TANF implementation, organizations changed a number of different things for instance employing new staff members who were obtained from either those who were kept pending to be employed or people from administrative personnel or training employees to concentrate CYSA/TANF.Advertising Looking for critical writing on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Effort was also made to change the current rules and procedures to suit the focus on CYSA related goals, making slight changes to the way things are managed in the organization, and coming up with new demanding methods. Planning earlier and ensuring that programs are accomplished were prevented by few major factors, which include problems related to the implementation of a many-service-outcome model and documentation procedure. Services delivered through CYSA/TANF Program CYSA/TANF Program was formulated to deliver a number of services as discussed in the background section. From the perspective of the program analysis, the goal of evaluation is to determine whether these services were indeed delivered as proposed. Prior to the introduction of the program, some counties in California already had operational programs to aid the needy families and juveniles (Worrall, 2004). However, the program was instrumental in aiding to facilitate continuity of these programs since some were runni ng out funds. For instance, some counties deployed the funds allocated to them through the program to improve, modify, or even boost treatment services that had been formalized. Indeed, with regard to Turner, Davis, Steinberg, and Fain (2003), â€Å"large counties were more likely to use CYSA/TANF funds to substantially modify or enhance existing formal treatment services, where else small counties, which had fewer services to begin with, were more likely to add new treatment services under CYSA/TANF† (p. xiii). Therefore, the program was effective in delivering services to the needy families by virtue of the fact that the communities already identified such needs. The only challenges were funding limitations to fulfill the goals of the existing programs. Through the CYSA/TANF program, coordination services were also provided. However, it does not mean that counties, which were allocated the CYSA/TANF funds, did not have the existing coordination services. Rather, such servic es were provided externally to the counties through case management. More than 67 percent of the counties deployed the funds allocated to them via CYSA/TANF program to enhance case management service that was provided externally (Turner, Davis, Steinberg Fain, 2003). Half of the counties also spent an incredible amount in facilitation of referral together with information services relating to availing various community-essential resources. The large counties possessed higher probabilities to utilize funds allocated to them to enhance their case management services while the small counties had the highest probability of utilizing their funds to initiate new referral services together with external case management services (Turner, Davis, Steinberg Fain, 2003). After-care-services comprised an incredible class of services that counties used the CYSA/TANF funds to enhance them. Tantamount to the other cases, many of the large counties utilized their funds to expand the existing servi ces while smaller counties considered utilizing their funds to fund new services. A similar trend is also true for services dealing with skill developments within the counties. Realization of the nature of services provided and their trend of provisions based on the size of counties concerns Turner, Davis, Steinberg and Fain (2003) who claim, â€Å" we expected to find that the types of services and the intensity of services provided in a different setting along the continuum of options would vary† (p. xiii). In fact, considering the nature of services rendered through CYSA/TANF, it is evident that counties belonging to higher continuum had higher probabilities to provide more services relative to those belonging to the lower continuum. One striking difference was that of the formal treatment services because many counties focused on their provision irrespective of the county continuum. CYSA/TANF Program services delivered to juvenile halls The program was targeted at assisti ng several groups of people who were convicted for juvenile crimes. This category included youths who were regarded as at-risk youths, WIC 601, WIC 602, WIC 777, wardship, and custody. Risky youths include all youths who fail academically in effect that they live in poverty, are disabled, and or they belong to segregated minority groups (Worrall, 2004, p.472). WIC 601 involved all juveniles who are charged with offenses, which do not apply for adults, alternatively called status offenses. WIC 777 Juveniles are charged with felonies of misdemeanor. Lastly, while juveniles belonging to the class of warship constitute â€Å"youths under court supervision who are placed at some, or at a relative’s house on probation, custody refers to all juveniles under court supervision who have been sentenced from 0-12 months in juvenile camp or ranch† (Calderwood, Kitzes Ivanoff, 2012, p.16). Considering the roles played by the CYSA/TANF program to ensure that all these groups of yout hs live better lives, and are able to coexist and contribute to societal development, it is evident that the program was effective in the realization of its goals and objectives. Based on capacity, different counties offered services to different youths within their halls. In the largest counties, the halls offered services to youths in an excess of 1500. Beyond half of members of counties, which benefited from CYSA/TANF program funding to provide services to juveniles, put up juvenile halls with a capacity of holding 200 people and above in any period of time (Calderwood, Kitzes Ivanoff, 2012). The time of stay at the juvenile center ranged from five to twenty-seven days. Therefore, CYSA/TANF program was effective in ensuring that large numbers of people falling in any of described categories of juveniles acquired services across the state of California. However, it is important to note that, within California, juvenile services seeking to reform youths convicted for felony crimes did not exist prior to the creation of CYSA/TANF. Indeed, Turner, Davis, Steinberg, and Fain (2003) found, â€Å"majority of counties provided between 6 and15 CYSA/TANF services in the juvenile halls, with minority providing more than 16 services† (p. xiii). Therefore, some counties found no need of creating news juvenile halls. Rather, CYSA/TANF funds were dedicated to improving the existing facilities and services offered at the halls. Therefore, even though the funds in such situations did not go into the establishment of new juvenile hall, the funds sealed a gap that many prior established juvenile halls had been struggling to seal. Impacts of CYSA/TANF Program Services provided at the juvenile halls influenced youths in various ways. Through CYSA/TANF, many counties argued that they experienced observable changes with real impacts on the persons seeking services from the juvenile halls. In terms of collaboration, mental health program and drug abuse programs were implem ented in various counties. Such programs were instrumental in helping to provide mechanisms of reforming juveniles since substance abuse is one of the major drivers for youths to engage in felony (Grady, 2012: Randle, 2007). CYSA/TANF program also provided funds that were deployed to enhance activities that were pivotal in the achievement of other goals of juvenile service as intended by CYSA/TANF legislation. The goals included investments of the CYSA/TANF funds in teaching at-risk youths concerning mechanisms of anger management, counseling, and even educational advocacy among others. CYSA/TANF program possessed some particular outcomes that it anticipated to realize. The legislation hoped to ensure that more emphasis was placed on different counties on enhancing youth accountability besides providing services to families and various youth groups in direct ways (Worrall, 2004). At the heart of the program also rested the need to provide intervention coupled with prevention service s to at-risk youths. Persons who were charged with the implementation of CYSA/TANF program found the services offered as having the impact that was moderate in terms of achievement of the program outcomes. Turner, Davis, Steinberg and Fain (2003) support this argument by arguing, â€Å"program officers felt that the impact of their CYSA/TANF program and/or services in their county was particularly important in the areas of public safety and increasing the range of options that probation officers had in serving the youths and families† (p. xvi). CYSA/TANF also created an opportunity for departments within the juvenile rehabilitation institutions to increase the capacity of their staff to enhance better service delivery. Through the custody programs developed in various counties, CYSA/TANF aided in enhancement of a myriad of services that are accorded to first-time felony offenders coupled with their families. In fact, various chiefs in different departments, which offered cust ody services, argued that, in case CYSA/TANF was terminated, enormous changes would take place. Such changes would influence the current achievements of the program to suffer incredibly. The impacts of the CYSA/TANF can also be discussed from the paradigms of evaluating the effectiveness of the legislation in achieving its intended aims. Arguing from this perspective, Turner, Davis, Steinberg, and Fain note, â€Å"CYSA/TANF filled an important gap in funding for juvenile probation services that had been lost when the title IV-A-EA program ended in December 1995† (2003, p.xvi). Consequently, CYSA/TANF created a room for the emergence of services for benefiting youths and their families. This attempt was perhaps important in the effort to ensure that California continued with the role of ensuring that all its citizens remained productive people who can enhance the growth of the state. CYSA/TANF also had impacts of making it possible for probation to emerge as a strategy that wa s viable within various counties in terms of addressing various children on issues that influenced their developments negatively such as engagement in felony. CYSA/TANF provides a magnificent opportunity for various counties to collaborate with other counties and various service providers including local authorities within California in matters of probation. From this dimension, CYSA/TANF is crucial in sealing paramount funding gaps by changing the approach of dealing with juvenile deliquescent from monitoring and suppression, and enforcement to more friendly approaches such as therapy and or rehabilitation. CYSA/TANF also raised efforts for system-wide mechanisms of planning on measures for dealing with recurrent challenges of at-risk youths together with their families. Counties experiences with implementation of CYSA/TANF Program CYSA/TANF is one of the best available mechanisms of funding custody services. This assertion is perhaps largely true by considering counties’ ex periences with the reality of the fact that Title IV-E is not appropriate for utilization in the custody settings. Some counties also had immense challenges in the evaluation of the effectiveness of their program that were funded by CYSA/TANF (Worrall, 2004, p.474). As argued before, in many counties, the CYSA/TANF allocated to them was utilized in improving the existing rehabilitations programs for at-risk youths among other services. The funding environment also presented some challenges to various counties. For instance, according to Calderwood, Kitzes, and Ivanoff (2012), â€Å"about 1/3 of counties experienced fiscal pressure-withholding or re-appropriation of CYSA/TANF funds† (p.70). Nevertheless, some CPDS chiefs were inclined to the opinion that, in overall, the funding from CYSA/TANF was helpful. While this position shows positive experience with CYSA/TANF, issues of program complication were also eminent. For instance, the program was set for implementation in 58 co unties comprising 23 services, which were divided into four main broad categories. In every county, there was the need to implement the program in similar ways to others for it to attain its overall goals, aims, and objectives that are replicated in all counties. This was perhaps not the case. Some counties, especially the poor ones, did not have adequate knowhow on the program implementation and evaluation theories. Reference List Calderwood, D., Kitzes, E., Ivanoff, S. (2012). Summary report: evaluation of the CYSA/TANF program in California. Web. Grady, S. (2012). Civil Death is Different: An Examination of A post-Graham Challenge to Felon Disenfranchisement under the Eighth Amendment. The Journal of Criminal Law Criminology, 102(2), 441-470. Randle, J. (2007). Review of Locked Out: Felon Disenfranchisement and American Democracy. Law and Society, 41(2), 500-503. Turner, S., Davis, L., Steinberg P., Fain, T. (2003). Evaluation of the CYSA/TANF program in California: final repo rt. Santa Monica, CA: RAND. Worrall, J. (2004). Funding Collaborative Juvenile Crime Prevention Programs: Does It Make a Difference? Evaluation Review, 28(9), 471-501. This critical writing on Evaluation of the CYSA/TANF Program in California was written and submitted by user Zeke Rowe to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Informative Essay Sample on the Cold War

Informative Essay Sample on the Cold War When looking at the Cold War in general or in relation to Asia, it is important to understand that a conflict lasting a long period may go through changes, especially in cases of Cold War. This is true of the Cold War, as Hot Wars broke out other states became more powerful, and others diminished. A bipolar conflict was evident during the Cold War in two ways. First the balance of power was divided between two coalitions headed by the United States and the Soviet Union, secondly the struggle over the conflicting ideologies of Capitalism and Communism. However when looking at the Cold War in specific relation to Asia, at different points in time China became an influential player tipping the balance of power. This would suggest that there were times when the conflict in Asia assumed tripolarity. The alliance patterns in Asia were more precarious than in Europe as indicated by the collapse of the Sino-Soviet alliance but still had bipolar characteristics , at least in the first half of the conflict. After the allies victory in the Second World War the United States and the Soviet Union emerged as the unchallenged authorities in world affairs. The Cold War resulted from there ideological difference and was until 1948 primarily based in Europe. When the Cold War suddenly expanded into Asia in 1949, it was a great surprise to everyone. At the end of World War II Asia had been left in a power vacuum Japans defeat had ended a dominate empire in northeast Asia. China’s nationalist government had become weak and the Communist had grown in strength creating intense civil conflict. With the end of Second World War also came decolonisation. These events all created a volatile environment in Asia, made more unstable by the fact that each Superpower had certain positions staked out even before the war ended. The United States had done all most all of the fighting in the Pacific, as the Soviet Union had to combat a war on two fronts, it was only in the last days of the war that The So viets declared war on the Japanese. When Japan surrendered, the Soviets insisted that the quid pro quo that Roosevelt had promised at the Yalta conference remain in place. For this, reason the Soviet Union gained control of the Kurile Islands, the ports and railway in Manchuria and half of Korea. When China became Communist in 1949, for ideological reasons and in fear of American attack, the Chinese felt that if they were to incorporate themselves into anyone’s sphere of influence it should be the Soviets. This chain of events resulted in a shift in the balance of power and that the communist world had almost doubled by 1950. At the same time as the Americas realised the threat from Communism in China, conflict was also braking out in Korea on both sides of the 38th parallel. This was the first major Hot War of the Cold War era setting a precedent for how conflicts were to be fought in the years to follow. Over the next three years of fighting, the contest between the Superpowers in Asia would only expand and intensify. At the start of the war in 1950, China was drawn into the conflict when North Korean troops were pushed to their border. This resulted in the bombing of supply bases and power stations in China, drawing the Chinese in to the conflict as they now conceded the United States a direct threat to their sovereignty. This resulted in China intervention to protect its own interests and those of the communist movement in North Korea. The 400,000 Chinese troops given the title of â€Å"volunteers† to avoid an American attack on China pushed United States and United Nations troops back below th e 38th parallel. United Nations troops continued to fight for a further two years until their reached the 38th parallel. It was at this point that the United States was griped by intense paranoia concerning communism in general, and Asian communism in particular, China was now seen as a major player in the security of the Asia-Pacific . To try to combat the problem the United States operated a policy of containment. George Kennan came up with the original concept to limit Soviet expansion and Paul Nitze designed the strategy with the aim of preventing communism from increasing its grip were ever it seemed likely to spread . When Eisenhower came into office in 1953 and until the mid 1960 subsequent presidents feared that the fall to communism of any other states would result in a domino effect of other states falling to communism as well. During the Truman, administration the strategy followed was NSC-68, which was created by Nitze. It was less about containing the wide spectrum of communism and more directed towards the Soviet threat to American interests â€Å" American interests depended on the perc eption of power as well as the reality of power itself.† The Korean War prompted the application of this policy and it dealt more with the rearmament by the United States, which had major consequences in Asia. Nuclear weapons were an important element as well as building alliance and psychological warfare. It was in this way that the administration hoped to split China from the Soviet Union, however, there was no suggestion of how to exploit the rift if it should occur. In the next decade, this policy was loosely followed by subsequent administrations. The Eisenhower administration attempted to increase America’s strategic position by strengthening the containment strategy in East Asia, with the aim of weakening the Soviet position and therefore the spread of communism. This was done by forming a number of alliances with states in Asia, this multilateral agreement would bring together states in a collective packed against communist development. These alliances included the American security treaties with the Philippines and ANZUS with South Korea. In 1955 the Southeast Asia Treaty Organisation (SEATO) was established the United States, Britain, Australia, New Zealand, France, Thailand Pakistan and the Philippines agreed to act together to counter any armed attack in Asia. The SEATO was mainly aimed not at China or North Korea, but the problems in Indo-China of Vietnam were communists posed a great challenge. Vietnam was a French colony and the French had been fighting the guerrilla war there since 1946 when no agreement had been met over possible independence. From 1950 until the war ended in 1954, the United States had been sending military aid to the French. This initial involvement would grow to an increasing to a large level in the 1960s and 1970s. After eight years of fighting ultimately ending in a French defeat a truce was achieved, this was the end of French military rule in Southeast Asia. The Americans were unhappy with this new foothold for communism but powerless to act. A by-product of its increased focus on the policy of containment did however result in the later conflict in Indo-China . The American policies of containment such NSC-68 and the American security treaties in the early years of the Cold War indicate that their policies were primary directed towards either reducing the strategic position of the Soviet Unions by either increasing Americas own power or splitting Sino-Soviet relations. This would suggest that at this point the political system was still bipolar. When Moa Zedong came to power in China in 1949, declaring the Peoples Republic of China. The Soviet Union was the first to offer its support. The Soviets boycotted the United Nations in protest to the new government been unrecognised by the international community, and the two countries singed a treaty of friendship in 1950. The Soviets gave large amounts of aid the China, and Mao’s first Five-year plan (1953 to 1957) was largely based on the Soviet model. At first, the relationship went well; however, by the mid 1950s problems were beginning to emerge. The Soviets failed to play anything but a minor role in the Korean War due to their policy of peacefully coexistence with the west. At this point China began to feel that the Soviet policy was merely a sell out to imperialism and difference in interpretation of communism were been drawn. In the late 1950s the PRY was trying to develop its Nuclear defences, it was keen for the Soviets to share the technology and wanted a nuclear bomb as a prototype, however the Soviet Union refused to cooperate send a signal to Mao that China was not trusted. At the heart of this disagreement were Khrushchev’s hopes to carry out reforms in the Soviet Union, to do this he had to reduce the high cost of maintaining military confrontation with the west. By the mid 1960s relations between the Soviet Union and the PRC were so bad that all aid to China had been stopped and all advisors withdrawn. In 1962, China and India were involved in a boarder dispute and the Soviet Union declared itself neutral to the conflict, from this point onwards China and the Soviet Union took opposite stances in international issues. The impact of the Sino-Soviet split was not felt straight away in the Asia-Pacific, nor did the United States who engineered the split know how to exploit it. The collapse of the Sino-Soviet packed divided the Communist world, therefore making it less appealing to other countries. The Sino-Soviet spilt reached its pinial in the late 1960s when there was a fundamental change in the balance of power. At this point, the Cold war in Asia took a new turn as both the Soviet Union and the United States saw China as an enemy. The new status of China was indicated during the Vietnam War as the Soviet Union took the opportunity of reducing China influence by supplying arms. In the early 1960s, the problem of Vietnam returned to the Americans and the policy of containment and concerns about the growth of communism. In 1961 the American Vice-President Johnson visited Vietnam, he came to the conclusion that if America did not â€Å"attempt to meet the challenge of Communist expansion now in Southeast Asia by a major effort in support of the forces of freedom† then it had to be done at that moment with strong force. This Action was taken and by 1963, there were 15,000 American advisers in Vietnam. The Vietnam was considered a disaster for the United States and even resulted in the United States decline. The United States failed to take advantage of the Sino-Soviet rift, even though the conflict itself pushed the two even further apart. By 1965, the United States was asking the Soviet Union to use it weight in the area and by 1966, an understanding was reached with China on how to limit the wars escalation into a Sino-American one. By the end of the w ar, the strategic purpose was lost as America aligned with China and pursued dÐ ¹tente with The Soviet Union. At the end of the Vietnam War China was recognised by both America and the Soviet Union as a strong force in Asia. At this point, the established bipolar character of containment in Asia had run its course. China had emerged as a separate centre of power this can be traced back to the Korean War when China challenged both major powers Superpowers. The United State on the battlefield and the Soviet Union on its policy, this carried on until the late 1960s with China continuing to challenge both Superpowers. During the 1970s and 1980s the Cold War in Asia did take the characterises of tripolarity but, the United States and the Soviet Union remained the central Superpowers and their allies remained in place. China was recognised as a â€Å"complicating factor† in the Soviet-American relationship and as China was militarily and economically lagged behind the two Superpowers true tripolarity was never reached. You can order a custom essay, term paper, research paper, thesis or dissertation on Cold War topics from our professional custom essay writing service which provides students with high-quality custom written papers at an affordable cost.